When PQQ is omitted from a chemically defined diet fed to mice and rats, various systemic responses are observed including growth impairment, immune dysfunction, decreased reproductive performance, and reduced respiratory quotient.Citation 1114 ) Oral supplementation of PQQ (above 300 ng/g diet) improves reproduction and enhances neonatal rates of growth compared with the response from diets devoid of PQQ.Citation 12 ) More recently, dietary supplementation of PQQ Na 2 in broiler chicks has been shown to improve growth performance, carcass yield, immunity, and plasma status.Citation 39 ) Thus, this unique compound is characterized as an important growth factor or putative essential nutrient in animals, whereas the nutritional benefits of PQQ for human growth and development are still unknown
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Conversely, the CBBBP peptide alone demonstrated a less marked effect, indicating that the primary therapeutic benefits are attributable to the DSIP component