Jian Li, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
This immunometabolic reprogramming is governed by signaling pathways (mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1) that respond to acute environmental cues rather than genetic transformation, and rapidly reverts to oxidative phosphorylation upon stimulus withdrawal (56, 57)
With GSH depleted, IKK becomes constitutively active, driving continuous transcription of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1
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Chao, H