The central mechanism is angiogenesis: the peptide upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and drives new blood-vessel formation at injury sites, which brings oxygen and nutrients to healing tissue
Garcia N, Hernndez P, Lanuza MA, Toms M, Cilleros-Ma V, Just-Borrs L, Duran-Vigara M, Polishchuk A, Balany-Segura M, Toms J (2022) Involvement of the voltage-gated calcium channels L- P/Q- and N-types in synapse elimination during neuromuscular junction development
The question is not which is "best" in the abstract, but which combinations make the most sense for a given situation
Currently, trail running is in a place where professional athletes can expect to make a decent living and face little to no drug testing in their careers
Like other copper-binding tripeptides, its biological effects are proposed to occur through both the peptide backbone and the copper ion it coordinates with the copper contributing to enzymatic cofactor activity and oxidative stress modulation